Energy-Efficient and Environmentally Sound Technique of Emulsification and Phase Inversion for Producing Stable Droplets – Application of Membrane Emulsification to Polymerization: A Review

Abstract

Emulsification plays an important role in the formation of many products such as milk products, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, paints, dyes, and many food items. Their application in industry such as mining, crude oil extraction, pulp and paper, textile, and polymer, is immense. Over the last two decades there has been a growing interest in making emulsions by a new technique known as membrane emulsification. This is because it requires lesser energy as compared to the other conventional turbulence based methods like homogenization and rotor-stator systems, with the added advantage of producing droplets of a given size by just selecting the average pore size of the membrane. It is the distinguished feature of membrane emulsification that the resulting droplet size is controlled primarily by the membrane type and its pore size and not by the generation of turbulent droplet breakup. This article provides a review of the currently available emulsification processes with special focus on polymer emulsification. The main characteristics of emulsification processes including membrane emulsification process and its principles, influence of process parameters, industrial applications as well as an outlook to further improvement of the processes are discussed.