Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry
type: channel
description: Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry is biannual publication by National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Journal covers fields of pure and applied analytical chemistry, environmental, material, agricultural and food chemistry, geochemistry, biotechnology, pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, development and modification of instruments and techniques with potentials in environmental sciences. The Journal started publishing in year 2000 with the title, 'Pakistan Journal of Analytical Chemistry', later title was changed to its current in the year 2006. ISSN: 1996-918X; E-ISSN:2221-5255.
publisher: National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh
language: en
publication name: Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry
issn: 2221-5255
items: Indirect Voltammetric Method for the Determination of Amino Acids Via Charge Transfer Complex Formation Reaction
items: PVP-Directed MOF-Derived Fe–N–C Catalysts: Toward High-Performance and Sustainable PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes
items: Serum Copper Homeostasis and Its Relationship with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children
items: Two Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Amlodipine Besylate in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Redox Reaction
items: Environmental Fate, Plastisphere Microbial Dynamics, and Human Health Implications of Marine Micro- and Nanoplastics
items: AI-Driven Frameworks and Sensor-Robotic Networks for Urban Waste Management: A Systematic Review Toward Sustainable Smart Cities
items: Enhanced Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Melanoidin Using Silver-Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles
items: Development and Validation of Indirect Spectrophotometric Methods for Assessing Levofloxacin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations
items: Morphology and Filtration Characteristics of a Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane
items: Analytical Method Development and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Ibuprofen and Baclofen
items: Time-course Cellulase Production by B2S8 Bacterial Isolate and Its Utilization in Bioethanol Fermentation from Corn Stover
items: Synthesis and Sorption Performance of Pyridyl-Based Imine and its Homocyclic Analogue toward Ni(II) and Cd(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution
items: Human Health Hazards of Fluoride Ions: A Case Study of Al-Busif Village Water Supply Station, Iraq
items: Organic Residue Analysis of Late Bronze Age Ceramics from Aşağıseyit Höyük by GC-MS, a Key Settlement in Western Anatolia
items: Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Food Waste Using Indigenous Bacterial Strains
items: Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, andWound Healing Effects of Rosemary Oil Hydrogel
items: Characterization and Modeling of Indoor PM2.5-Bound Benzo[a]Pyrene Concentration in Public Schools: A Comparative Study of Oredo and Uhunmonde Local Government Areas, Edo State, Nigeria
items: Synthesis and Characterization of polypyrrole / Silver Nanoparticles Composites as Creatinine Sensor
items: Comparative Study of Mass Transfer Limitation Steps in Bemacid Yellow and Methyl Red Biosorption: Investigation using Unique and Binary Resistance Models
items: Transforming Transformer Oil Waste: A Hybrid Biological–Oxidative Strategy for PCB Decontamination
items: Efficient Concurrent Analysis of Mesotrione, Atrazine, Benoxacor and S-Metolachlor in Herbicide Formulate: Developing and Validating a Reversed-Phased HPLC Method
items: Municipal Solid Waste (Newspaper) — A Lignocellulosic Feedstock Conversion to Biofuel: A Prospective Solution to Energy and Waste Management Problem
items: Adsorption Studies of Cyanide (CN) - on Alumina
items: An Analytical Implication to Chlorides Determinationin Catalytic Hydrodechlorination Reaction of DDTby Ion Chromatography
items: Evaluation of the Iodine Concentration in Serumand Urine of Hypothyroid Males Using anInexpensive and Rapid Method
items: Effects of Chicken Frying on Soybean, Sunflower and Canola Oils
items: Simpler and Faster Spectrophotometric Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Tablets, Serum and Urine Samples
items: Determination of Toxic Metals in Different Brand of Chocolates and Candies, Marketed in Pakistan
items: Limnological Studies of Keenjhar Lake, District,Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan
items: Effect of Various Parameters on the Dispersionof Ultra Fine Iron Ore Slurry. Part-1

Indirect Voltammetric Method for the Determination of Amino Acids Via Charge Transfer Complex Formation Reaction
type: item
description: An easy and sensitive indirect voltammetric method has been proposed for the determination of trace amounts of amino acids, such as proline, glycine, arginine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, and cysteine, in the range of 50–330 ngmL-1 in aqueous solution. It is based on the reaction of chloranil as a π-acceptor with the intended amino acids acting as n-donors, forming an n–π charge transfer complex at pH 9. The reduction peak of (pH 9 – chloranil) solution appears at 0.030 V against the Ag/AgCl. reference electrode. When an aqueous solution of amino acids is added, the peak of solution (pH 9 – chloranil) decreases quantitatively and shifts slightly to 0.024 V. The concentration of amino acids is determined as the current difference decreases. The molar absorptivity ranges between 4.73 ×103 l/mol.cm and 1.82 ×104 l/mol.cm. The accuracy, i.e. average recovery ranges from 98.64% to 101.19%, and the precision, i.e. relative standard deviation (RSD) is between 0.5% and 9.6%. The limit of detection (LOD) ranges from 1.09×10-7 µg/ml to 3.53×10-7 µg/mL.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Square wave voltammetry
  topic: keywords
subject: Charge transfer complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Amino acids
  topic: keywords
subject: Electrochemical sensor
  topic: subjects
subject: Amino acids, Charge transfer complex, Square wave voltammetry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Firas Hassan Awad
creator: Fathy Ahmed Abeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 618694c
ending page: 618694c
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/618694c

PVP-Directed MOF-Derived Fe–N–C Catalysts: Toward High-Performance and Sustainable PEM Fuel Cell Cathodes
type: item
description: The urgent need to reduce carbon emissions and transition toward cleaner energy systems has intensified the search for electrocatalysts that are both efficient and resource-sustainable. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), powered by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), represent a key technology in this shift, but their reliance on platinum-group metals (PGMs) limits large-scale deployment. Single-atom Fe–N–C catalysts have emerged as promising PGM-free alternatives in acidic electrolytes, offering a balance of performance, cost, and environmental benefits. In this study, we report Fe-N-DPC-1000, an iron- and nitrogen-doped porous carbon synthesized at 1000 °C through a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted metal–organic framework (MOF) strategy. The introduction of PVP during precursor formation promotes nitrogen incorporation, ensures atomic-level Fe dispersion, and stabilizes the framework during pyrolysis. The resulting material exhibits a hierarchical micro–mesoporous structure with a BET surface area ~ 1580 m²g⁻¹ along with a micropore volume of 0.54 cm³g⁻¹. Single-cell PEMFC testing demonstrated a peak power density of 1205 mWcm⁻², approaching the level of Pt/C performance and outperforming its PVP-free counterpart by 35.3%, while maintaining strong stability. These results establish polymer-assisted MOF engineering as a scalable approach to designing highperformance Fe–N–C catalysts for next-generation, environmentally sustainable fuel cell technologies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Platinum-Group-Metal-Free (PGM-Free) Catalysts
  topic: keywords
subject: Fe-N-C Catalysts
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Energy Conversion
  topic: keywords
subject: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), Platinum-group-metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts, Fe–N–C catalysts, Sustainable energy conversion.
  topic: subjects
subject: Environmental Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Shoaib
creator: Shagufta Ishtiaque
creator: Ahsan Abdul Ghani
creator: Atif Zafarb
creator: Abid Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 617696ap
ending page: 617696ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/617696ap

Serum Copper Homeostasis and Its Relationship with Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children
type: item
description: Copper-dependent ferroxidases are required for cellular iron export, but local pediatric data on copper status in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are limited. This comparative cross-sectional study evaluated serum copper homeostasis in 300 children aged 1-15 years at Civil Hospital, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College, Sukkur, Pakistan. The study included 150 biochemically confirmed IDA cases and 150 age-matched healthy controls. Complete blood count, serum iron, ferritin, and copper were measured using validated hematological and biochemical procedures; serum copper was estimated by a bathocuproine-based method on the ADVIA 1800 Chemistry analyzer with trace-element-aware sample handling. Children with IDA showed significantly lower mean serum copper than controls (86.34 ± 0.83 vs 120.41 ± 1.02 µg/dL; P < 0.001). Serum iron (63.71 ± 1.54 vs 105.80 ± 1.52 µg/dL) and ferritin (8.57 ± 2.14 vs 35.68 ± 4.89 ng/mL) were also significantly reduced. Within the IDA group, serum copper correlated positively with serum iron (r = 0.52; P < 0.001) and ferritin (r = 0.49; P < 0.001). These findings indicate disturbed copper homeostasis accompanying pediatric IDA and support selective copper assessment in severe, recurrent, or treatment-resistant cases.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Serum Copper
  topic: keywords
subject: Iron Defficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Anemia
  topic: keywords
subject: Ferritin
  topic: keywords
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Serum copper; iron deficiency anemia; ferritin; children
  topic: subjects
subject: Biochemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rafique Abbas
creator: Shaista Khan Pathan
creator: Gul Afshan Soomro
creator: Dr. Sanaullah Abbasi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 585774ap
ending page: 585774ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/585774ap

Two Validated Spectrophotometric Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Amlodipine Besylate in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Redox Reaction
type: item
description: This research aims to develop two spectrophotometric methods for the quantitative determination of amlodipine besylate (ADB) in its pure form and in pharmaceuticals. Both methods are characterized by simplicity, high accuracy, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. The underlying principle for both techniques is based on redox reactions. The first method (indirect) involves the reaction of ADB with a known excess of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in an acetic acid medium. The residual NBS is subsequently determined by its ability to bleaching the color of Orang G dye, with the remaining dye measured at λ max = 478 nm. The second method (direct) entails the reduction of potassium permanganate by ADB in an alkaline medium, resulting in the formation of a bluish- green manganate ion (MnO42-) which exhibits maximum absorbance at λ max = 608 nm. Linearity for the two methods was observed in the ranges 1-35 and 1-70 µg. mL-1, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.9989 for each method. The molar absorptivity values were 2.166 ×104 and 0.98 ×104 L.mol-1.cm-1, while Sandell’s sensitivity index values were 0.0262 and 0.058 µg.cm-2, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.196 and 0.567 µg.mL-1, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.653 and 1.89 µg.mL-1, respectively. The proposed methods were effectively applied to evaluate ADB in pure forms and pharmaceutical preparations (tablets, capsules). The validity of these methods was confirmed through recovery studies using the standard addition method.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Amlodipine Besylate
  topic: keywords
subject: Spectrophotometric Determination
  topic: keywords
subject: Orange-G
  topic: keywords
subject: Redox-Reaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Amlodipine besylate, Spectrophotometric, Determination, Orange G, Redox -Reaction
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Maab Abdul jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 565757ap
ending page: 565757ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/565757ap

Environmental Fate, Plastisphere Microbial Dynamics, and Human Health Implications of Marine Micro- and Nanoplastics
type: item
description: Micro- and nanoplastics are now widely recognized as contaminants of marine environments, with increasing concern about their potential effects on ecological and human health. Due to their small size, persistence, and high surface-area-to-volume ratio, these particles can interact with a large number of matrices in the environment and biological systems. Plastic particles quickly get covered by various microbial communities in water bodies to form complex structures known collectively as the plastisphere. These assemblages of microbes may influence how plastics behave in the environment and could help transport microorganisms and chemical contaminants across marine ecosystems. This review summarizes what is known about where micro- and nanoplastics are found in the environment, how they interact with microbial communities, and what their ecological and toxicological effects are. More detail is provided about the formation of plastispheres, the succession of microbes on plastic surfaces, plastic particles as vectors for pathogens and toxic substances. The review also looks at new evidence that links exposure to microplastics with oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, endocrine disruption, and changes in gut microbial communities in aquatic organisms—and perhaps even in humans. Finally, it discusses new developments and analytical challenges related to the detection and characterization of micro- and nanoplastics from environmental samples. Though substantial progress has been made, there are still significant knowledge gaps regarding standardized analytical methods for chronic exposure thresholds as well as mechanistic toxicology for nanoplastics. Overcoming these challenges through interdisciplinary research and enhanced environmental monitoring will be critical for improving risk assessment efforts aimed at reducing plastic pollution in marine ecosystems.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Microplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoplastics
  topic: keywords
subject: Plastisphere
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecotoxicology
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Microbiology, Ecotoxicology, Environmental Health, Food Web Contamination and Risk Assessment
  topic: subjects
subject: Ecotoxicology, Marine Ecology and Environmental Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Majed Al-Shaeri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 556749ap
ending page: 556749ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/556749ap

AI-Driven Frameworks and Sensor-Robotic Networks for Urban Waste Management: A Systematic Review Toward Sustainable Smart Cities
type: item
description: This study presents a systematic and quantitative review of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in modern waste management systems, with a focus on environmental chemistry, process optimization, and sustainability outcomes, supported by quantitative performance comparisons from recent literature. The review systematically evaluates AI-driven approaches across the entire waste lifecycle, including generation, monitoring, sorting, transportation, recycling, energy recovery, and final disposal. Emphasis is placed on machine learning (ML), computer vision, robotics, and wireless sensor networks for improving operational efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental performance. The analysis highlights recent advances in AI-assisted waste chemistry, including carbon emission prediction using FTIR-ML hybrid models, optimization of anaerobic digestion and biogas generation, and predictive modeling of plastic pyrolysis processes for hydrogen and biofuel recovery. AI-based surveillance systems using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and satellite data demonstrate high accuracy in illegal dumping detection and spatial waste monitoring, with reported classification accuracies exceeding 90-98% in several studies. Quantitative comparisons indicate improvements in collection efficiency, recycling accuracy, and cost reduction relative to conventional methods, with reported efficiency gains of approximately 20-40% and operational cost reductions ranging from 15-30%, depending on system scale. However, the review identifies critical limitations, including data scarcity, model interpretability challenges, high computational cost, and the “reality gap” between laboratory datasets and real-world waste conditions. The findings indicate that isolated AI solutions often fail to achieve scalable and context-adaptive performance due to fragmentation, limited data integration, and a lack of environmental feedback mechanisms. This study uniquely prop…
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Circular Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Solid Waste Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Waste Chemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste-to-Energy
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial intelligence
  topic: subjects
subject: Circular economy
  topic: subjects
subject: Computer vision
  topic: subjects
subject: Explainable AI
  topic: subjects
subject: Internet of Things (IoT)
  topic: subjects
subject: Machine learning
  topic: subjects
subject: Robotic waste sorting
  topic: subjects
subject: Smart cities
  topic: subjects
subject: Solid waste management
  topic: subjects
subject: Waste-to-energy systems
  topic: subjects
subject: Wireless sensor networks
  topic: subjects
creator: F. A. Samiul Islam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 550747ap
ending page: 550747ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/550747ap

Enhanced Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Degradation of Synthetic Melanoidin Using Silver-Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles
type: item
description: Herein, silver-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Ag-TiO2 NPs) were synthesized via a solution based sol-gel method followed by calcination at 450 oC for 2 h and were utilized in the treatment of synthetic melanoidin solution (SMS). The structural and morphological characterization, conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, confirmed the successful integration of silver within the TiO₂ matrix. Ag-TiO₂ NPs showed improved physicochemical properties, such as a reduced band gap of 2.8 eV, as compared to undoped TiO₂. When exposed to visible light (λ > 400 nm), Ag-TiO2 NPs decolorized SMS by more than 85% in 180 min at pH 7 and an initial melanoidin concentration of 200 mg/L. Also, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) were significantly reduced to 60% and 40%. The conversion of recalcitrant melanoidin into more biodegradable byproducts was confirmed by the significant improvement in the biodegradability index (BOD5/COD) from 0.1 to 0.3. The stability of the catalyst was confirmed through reusability testing, color removal efficiency ranged between 85% to 75% after five cycles. According to kinetic studies, the principal mechanism of degradation is surface-mediated melanoidin adsorption followed by plasmon-induced charge separation, which promotes the production of reactive oxygen species and preserves catalytic performance by lowering surface fouling. Collectively, these findings underscore Ag-TiO2 NPs as a robust, reusable, and ecologically sustainable solute ion for large-scale melanoidin-rich industrial effluents.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Silver-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Ag-TiO₂ NPs), Synthetic melanoidin solution (SMS), Visible-light photocatalysis, Photocatalytic degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Nanomaterials
  topic: disciplines
creator: Mehwish Qaseem
creator: Saeed Ahmad
creator: Muhammad Yasir Khan
creator: M. Wasim Akhtar
creator: Muhammad Furqan Ali
creator: Muhammad Saquib Ali
creator: Shakeel Ahmed
creator: Shahid Bhutto
creator: Mehwish Altaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 194
ending page: 208
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.03

Development and Validation of Indirect Spectrophotometric Methods for Assessing Levofloxacin in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulations
type: item
description: Two simple, sensitive, and economical indirect spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of levofloxacin (LEVX) in the pure form and pharmaceutical preparations. The first proposed method (A) involved oxidation of LEVX using an excess amount of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under acidic conditions. Once the reaction was complete, the residual NBS was determined by shortening the color of Orange G (OG) dye, with the absorbance of the remaining dye measured at 476 nm. The second proposed method (B) is also based on the oxidation of LEVX using a fixed excess amount of NBS in an acidic environment. The excess NBS then reacts with p-Anisidine (P-AN), producing a violet-coloured brominated product. The intensity of the resulting colour, measured at 518 nm, is inversely proportional to the amount of LEVX present in the sample. Linear calibration curves were obtained for both methods within the concentration ranges of,0.5 – 10.5 and 1.0 – 15.0 μg.mL-1, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9990 and 0.9992. The molar absorptivity values were 4.17×104 and 2.92×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for methods A and B, respectively. Whereas, Sandell’s sensitivity index values were 0.00867 and 0.0123 μg.cm-2, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.014 and 0.46 μg.mL-1, and the limits of quantification (LOQ)were 0.12 and 0.40 μg.mL-1 for methods A and B, respectively. The proposed methods were effectively used to estimate LEVX in available dosage forms, and their validity was confirmed through a recovery study using the standard addition method.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Levofloxacin, Spectrophotometric, N-Bromosuccinimide, Orange G, P-Anisidine
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Medicin
  topic: disciplines
creator: Dheyaa T. Azeez
creator: Khalida M. Omar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 209
ending page: 223
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.04

Morphology and Filtration Characteristics of a Polysulfone Hollow Fiber Membrane
type: item
description: Polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes incorporating a asymmetric microstructures suitable for ultrafiltration, were fabricated using dry–wet phase inversion method. The optimized dope solution contained PSF (25 wt%), polyethylene glycol (PEG-400; 22 wt%), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K90, Mw ≈ 1,300 kDa; 0.3 wt%) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (52.7 wt%). The extruded nascent fibers coagulated in deionized water to form membranes with a dense selective skin layer supported by a porous substructure. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis confirmed the presence of the characteristic sulfone functional groups, indicating the chemical stability of the PSF matrix. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a well-defined lumen structure with a diameter of 1.09 ± 0.05 mm and a wall thickness of 0.20 ± 0.01 mm. The membrane cross-section showed distinct finger-like macrovoids. These extended throughout the structure, indicating effective phase inversion and stable morphology. The membrane exhibited a porosity of 48.8 ± 2.1% and a pure water permeance of 70 ± 5 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹. The evaluation of ultrafiltration performance was done using bovine serum albumin (BSA, Mw ≈ 66 kDa). The membrane showed a rejection rate of 95 ± 1% at 2 bar pressure. This confirms its effective size-exclusion capability. Compared with reported PSF flat-sheet membranes, the present hollow fiber configuration demonstrated a more favourable balance between permeability and selectivity, attributed to PEG-400-driven rapid demixing and PVP induced pore interconnectivity. These findings showcase the potential of this minimalist dualadditive formulation for scalable, high-performance PSF hollow fiber membranes in aqueous separation applications.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: polysulfone hollow fiber membrane, PEG-400, PVP, phase inversion, morphology, ultrafiltration
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Material Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sultan K. Alharbi
creator: Muhammad M. Shaikh
creator: Abdullah I. AlZarah
creator: SalahEldin A. ElAmin
creator: Saleh O. AlAswad
creator: Awadh O. AlSuhaim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 299
ending page: 309
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.10

Analytical Method Development and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Ibuprofen and Baclofen
type: item
description: Combining baclofen with ibuprofen offers synergistic pain relief by targeting both muscle spasms and inflammation, enhancing efficacy in managing musculoskeletal conditions. This study aims to develop and validate an analytical method for the separation and simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and baclofen in combination using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. An HPLC analytical method was developed to simultaneously quantify ibuprofen and baclofen. The optimized method was validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The method was tested for validation parameters, including specificity, accuracy, precision, linear range, limit of detection, lower limit of quantification, and robustness. A simple HPLC method was developed to separate two active ingredients using a C18 stationary phase column (25 cm × 0.46 cm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of methanol: buffer (pH 3 ± 0.05), and acetonitrile in a ratio of 5:30:65 (%v/v). The analysis was performed at 25 °C with a 1.5 mL/min flow rate. A 20 μL sample volume was injected and detected at 265 nm. The validation method was specific, precise, and accurate. The average recovery of the two ingredients was 100.5% [99.1-102.0]. The repeated tests of the two compounds at different concentrations showed a percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) of less than 1%. The method demonstrated linearity for both ibuprofen and baclofen, with an R² value of 0.99. The linearity range was 12.5-150 μg/mL for baclofen, and was 100-1800 μg/mL for ibuprofen. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 7 and 6 μg/mL for ibuprofen and baclofen, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2 μg/mL for both ingredients. The developed method is simple, rapid, precise, and accurate. It can be used for routine analysis of a combination of ibuprofen and baclofen in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: HPLC, Ibuprofen, Baclofen, Validation, ICH, Pharmaceutical dosage
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical
  topic: subjects
subject: Pharmaceutical
  topic: subjects
subject: HPLC
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Naser Shraim
creator: Murad Abualhasan
creator: Asma Radwan
creator: Iyad Ali
creator: Fairouz Shraim
creator: Aman Khasat
creator: Aseel Ali
creator: Noor Souqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 183
ending page: 193
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.02

Time-course Cellulase Production by B2S8 Bacterial Isolate and Its Utilization in Bioethanol Fermentation from Corn Stover
type: item
description: Cellulase enzymes play crucial roles in hydrolyzing cellulose into simple sugars, which potentially serve as substrates for bioethanol production. These enzymes can be sourced from cellulolytic bacteria, which are characterized by exhibiting different growth and enzyme production patterns. This study was aimed to determine the cellulase activity of B2S8 bacteria previously isolated from compost products, followed byoptimization oftheir application for bioethanol fermentation. The research was conducted in two stages: examination of the effect of incubation time on bacterial growth and enzymatic activity within 144 h divided into 19 levels, and the second stage was to optimize fermentation conditions using a factorial randomized block design with two factors: crude cellulase enzyme concentration (7, 9, and 11% v/v) and fermentation temperature (30, 35, and 40 °C). The results of the first stage showed that incubation time significantly influenced the optical density of bacterial culture measured at 660 nm (OD660), pH, and enzyme activity. The highest enzyme production was observed at 72 h, with OD660 2.4, pH 7, endoglucanase activity 0.097 IU/mL, exoglucanase activity 0.018 IU/mL, soluble protein 0.0363 mg/mL, and specific activities of 2.906 IU/mg and 0.018 IU/mg of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, respectively. The following optimization study revealed that the combination of 9% (v/v) enzyme concentration and fermentation at 35 °C yielded the highest ethanol content (0.50 ± 0.07% v/v), with a resulting pH of 4.85 ± 0.07, total soluble solids of 3.4 ± 0.07 °Brix, and reducing sugars value of 0.802 ± 0.03 °Brix. In this work, isolate B2S8 demonstrated promising cellulase production and effective application in bioethanol fermentation, which indicates its potential for further development in bioconversion processes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Growth Characteristics
  topic: keywords
subject: Corn Stover
  topic: keywords
subject: Cellulolytic Bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Bioethanol
  topic: keywords
subject: B2S8 Isolate
  topic: keywords
subject: B2S8 Isolate, Bioethanol, Cellulolytic Bacteria, Corn Stover, Growth Characteristic.
  topic: subjects
subject: Applied Bioscience
  topic: disciplines
creator: Gunam Ida Bagus Wayan
creator: A.A.S.A. Sukmaningsih
creator: I Gede Arie Mahendra Putra
creator: I Gusti Ayu Lani Triani
creator: Bambang Admadi Harsojuwono
creator: Lutfi Suhendra
creator: Zesy Gasella
creator: Theresia Jilena Sinuraya
creator: I Made Mahaputra Wijaya
creator: I Gusti Ngurah Apriadi Aviantara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 503719ap
ending page: 503719ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/503719ap

Synthesis and Sorption Performance of Pyridyl-Based Imine and its Homocyclic Analogue toward Ni(II) and Cd(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution
type: item
description: Nickel and cadmium are toxic heavy metals that pose serious environmental and health concerns due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. It commonly enters aquatic systems through industrial effluents, electroplating, mining, and the disposal of Ni-Cd batteries. Developing efficient sorbents for their removal from water is therefore of great importance. In this study, two imine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as sorbents for Ni(II) and Cd(II) ions. The first derivative, 3,3′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl-bis-(1-(pyridin-2-yl) methanimine) (SB-1), was obtained from aryl diamine and pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, while the second, 3,3′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl-bis-(1-phenylmethanimine) (SB-2), was synthesized using benzaldehyde. Both compounds were characterized by UV–Vis, FT-IR, FAB-MS, and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Batch adsorption experiments showed that SB-1 achieved maximum adsorption capacities (Qmax) of 16.89 mg/g for Ni(II) and 8.05 mg/g for Cd(II), while SB-2 recorded 12.66 mg/g and 7.42 mg/g, respectively, indicating higher efficiency of SB-1. The Langmuir model best described the adsorption data, suggesting monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surfaces, and RL values confirmed favorable sorption. Kinetic studies fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the main mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption by SB-1 was spontaneous, irreversible, and endothermic, whereas SB-2 adsorption was spontaneous, reversible, and exothermic.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thermodynamic Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinetic Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Metal Ion Adsorption
  topic: keywords
subject: Characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: Imine Derivatives
  topic: keywords
subject: Adsorptive Interactions of Organic Compounds with Metal Ions
  topic: subjects
subject: Organic Compounds for Sustainable Metal Adsorption Applications
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fatima Aziz
creator: Noureen Khan
creator: Nelofer Jamil
creator: Musarat Riaz
creator: Shagufta Fahmid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 500716c
ending page: 500716c
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/500716c

Human Health Hazards of Fluoride Ions: A Case Study of Al-Busif Village Water Supply Station, Iraq
type: item
description: The current study aimed to assess the health risks of fluoride in drinking water from the Al-Busif Water Supply Station and the residential neighborhoods covered by its distribution pipeline network in the region of northern Iraq. One hundred water samples were collected from ten sites, including intake water, post-treatment water, and other sites distributed throughout residential neighborhoods. The study results indicated that fluoride ion concentrations were within the calculated safe limits for the city of Mosul, ranging between 0.173 ± 0.029 mgL-1 and 0.206 ± 0.05 mgL-1. As for the results of the pollution indices Pollution Index (PI), Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI), and Human Health Risk (HHR), the average values of the PI ranged between 0.249 ± 0.016 and 0.292 ± 0.041, classifying the water as no pollution. The same applies to the results of the FPI, which ranged between 1.88 and 1.90 , classifying the water as low pollution water. As for the potential HHR of fluoride, the Hazard quotient (HQi) values were within safe limits (less than 1.0), as the highest risk Hazard quotient values were among male children (0.251) and female children (0.258). The study also found higher hazard quotient (HQi) values among breastfeeding women compared to adult females, reaching values of 0.180. The study recommended periodic monitoring of water quality and the development of efficient scientific programs to reduce the risks of probabilistic pollution in the future.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Human Health Risk (HHR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution Index (PI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluoride Pollution Index (FPI)
  topic: keywords
subject: Drinking Water
  topic: keywords
subject: Health risks of fluoride (HHR); Pollution index (PI); Fluoride pollution index of drinking water (F.PI); Water quality; Environmental pollution
  topic: subjects
subject: Environmental Sciences Analytical Chemistry Hydrochemistry Public Health
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fatima Faris
creator: Abdulazeez Younis Taleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 493710ap
ending page: 493710ap
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/493710ap

Organic Residue Analysis of Late Bronze Age Ceramics from Aşağıseyit Höyük by GC-MS, a Key Settlement in Western Anatolia
type: item
description: In the present study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to investigate organic residues (ORs) preserved in the sherds recovered from the Late Bronze Age layers of Aşağıseyit Höyük, one of the important ancient settlements of Western Anatolia, in order to identify the types of food processed in these vessels. According to the results, 8 out of the 50 sherds analyzed gave interpretable results according to their OR compositions. The sherds of E-18, E-24, E-30, and E-36 may have been used in processes involving the carcass meat of a ruminant animal. The sherds of E-38, E-39, and E-41 may also contain a ruminant animal or a dairy product. The ORs obtained from E-38 and E-39 of these sherds also indicate plant oils. These results show that the relevant vessels may have been used for cooking or storing animal products together with plant oils. It can be said that the OR in sample E-43 is predominantly a residue of plant oil and that this vessel may have been used mostly for materials containing plant oils.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Western Anatolia
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic Residue
  topic: keywords
subject: Late Bronze Age
  topic: keywords
subject: GC-MS
  topic: keywords
subject: Aşağıseyit Höyük
  topic: keywords
subject: Organic residue analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: archaeometry
  topic: subjects
subject: gc-ms
  topic: subjects
subject: Biochemistry
  topic: disciplines
subject: Archaeology
  topic: disciplines
subject: Archaeometry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Erim Konakçı
creator: İsmail Tarhan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 489707c
ending page: 489707c
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/489707c

Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Food Waste Using Indigenous Bacterial Strains
type: item
description: The accumulation of petrochemical plastics necessitates sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using indigenous bacterial strains isolated from Balochistan's soils and five locally sourced food wastes: rice bran, potato peels, fruit pulp, dairy waste, and corn starch. The isolates were identified as Bacillus megaterium and Cupriavidusnecator via 16S rRNA sequencing. Fermentation parameters were systematically optimized for each strain. C. necator achieved a maximum PHA yield of 4.5 ± 0.3 g/L, constituting 85% of the cell dry weight, using Rice Bran at 30°C, pH 7.0, and 1% NaCl. Hydrothermal pretreatment increased yields by up to 36%, and nitrogen limitation enhanced polymer accumulation by 40-50%. Characterization by FTIR, NMR, and GC confirmed the synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by B. megaterium and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with up to 33% hydroxyvalerate by C. necator. The PHBV copolymer exhibited a tensile strength of 32-40 MPa and a degradation temperature of 248-268°C, properties comparable to polypropylene. These results demonstrate that indigenous Balochistan strains efficiently convert regional food wastes into bioplastics with competitive material properties, establishing viable substrate-specific and strain-dependent bioprocessing strategy.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: biodegradable bioplastics
  topic: subjects
subject: Microbiology
  topic: subjects
subject: biodegradable analysis
  topic: disciplines
subject: Biological Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sajid Nabi
creator: Zia ur Rehman
creator: Kamran Taj
creator: Arsalan Ahmed Shah
creator: Nazima Yousaf Khan
creator: Imran Ali
creator: Marina Panezai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 310
ending page: 332
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.11

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, andWound Healing Effects of Rosemary Oil Hydrogel
type: item
description: Rosmarinus officinalis L., a Mediterranean perennial herb, is well known for its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This study investigates the phytochemical profile of R. officinalis, including glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins, along with its biological activities. Quantitative analysis revealed high levels of terpenoids (71.15 ± 0.18 mg/mL), tannins (26.32 ± 0.16 mg TTA/mL), phenolics (8.20 ± 0.001 mg GAE/mL), and flavonoids (0.1874 ± 0.002 mg QE/mL). Gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified a chemotype with low 1,8-cineole (1.77%) and a highconcentration of 1,2-hexanediol (67.34%), which may enhance the formulation’s stability and suitability for medicinal and cosmetic applications due to its antimicrobial and humectant properties. The DPPH assay demonstrated strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 21.80 ± 0.56 μg/mL, which is more potent than ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ = 33.79 ± 0.33 μg/mL). Antimicrobial testing using the disc diffusion method showed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus (17.33 ± 0.45 mm at 50% concentration) and limited activity against Escherichia coli (12 mm at 50%) compared to gentamicin (24.3 mm and 23.1 mm, respectively). The rosemary oil hydrogel demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in wound contraction (66.87% ± 2.15% by Day 16, p< 0.05) in a Staphylococcus aureus-infected mouse model when compared to negative, placebo, and standard treatment groups. These results support the therapeutic potential of R. officinalis oil hydrogel for topical wound care, combining antimicrobial, antioxidant, and healing effects in a biocompatible formulation.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Rosemary oil, Phytochemical analysis, Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, Total tannin content, Antioxidant properties, Antibacterial activity, GC-MS, Animal studies.
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Purvia Jagru
creator: Satheesh Babu Natarajan
creator: Saravana Kumar Parameswaran
creator: Mohammad Gousuddin
creator: Neha Unnisa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 224
ending page: 239
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.05

Characterization and Modeling of Indoor PM2.5-Bound Benzo[a]Pyrene Concentration in Public Schools: A Comparative Study of Oredo and Uhunmonde Local Government Areas, Edo State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Indoor air quality (IAQ) has emerged as a critical concern for student health and well-being, as PM2.5 can transport toxic compounds like benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), posing significant health risks to vulnerable populations such as school children. This study compares indoor air quality in public schools between Oredo (urban LGA) and Uhunmwonde (rural LGA) in Edo State, Nigeria. Fortyeight PM2.5 samples were collected from eight sampling sites with meteorological parameters over one year. PM2.5 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically, and samples were analyzed for PAH compounds using gas chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data underwent multivariate analysis to determine source contributions and develop a predictive model for B[a]P concentrations using PM2.5 and meteorological parameters. Oredo classrooms exhibited substantially higher PM2.5 levels (45.3–63.7 μg/m³) than Uhunmwonde (21.7–30.8 μg/m³). Similarly, total PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations were higher in Oredo (1.27–1.47 μg/m³) than Uhunmwonde (1.14–1.19 μg/m³). High-molecular-weight (5–6-ring) PAHs dominated profiles at both locations, with Oredo showing a slightly greater proportion (3.06%) of these heavy PAHs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios indicated vehicular combustion (gasoline and diesel traffic) as the primary PAH source at both locations, with minor biomass or petroleum evaporation contributions. Estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) from PM2.5-bound PAHs were higher in Oredo than Uhunmwonde (adult ILCR: 1.3×10⁻⁵ vs. 9.5×10⁻⁶ for 24h exposure). Predictive models using PM2.5 and weather parameters achieved 91–96% accuracy, with robust regression providing the best fit. These findings highlight clear spatial differences, with Oredo schools facing substantially higher indoor PM2.5 and PAH contamination than Uhunmwonde schools.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: PM2.5-bound PAHs, concentrations, model indoor, LGAs
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Pollution
  topic: subjects
subject: Environmental/Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: ukeme Archibong
creator: James Okuo
creator: Timothy Agho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 240
ending page: 256
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.12.06

Synthesis and Characterization of polypyrrole / Silver Nanoparticles Composites as Creatinine Sensor
type: item
description: The Jaffe reaction is commonly employed to detect creatinine. This work involves the creation of several electrochemical sensors for the detection of creatinine, utilizing films made from polymer composites with nanoparticles and picric acid. Based on the interaction mechanism of creatinine, we synthesized four working electrodes (WEs): polypyrrole (Ppy) alone, Ppy with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Ppy with picric acid, and a combination of Ppy, picric acid, and AgNPs. All these electrochemical sensors exhibited distinctive sensitivities for creatinine detection. The performance and electrochemical behavior of the sensors were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. AgNPs were synthesized biologically using Capsicum annuum leaves extract, serving as both a reducing and capping agent. Ppy was prepared via chemical polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidizing agent in the presence of hydrochloric acid as a dopant. The sensor presented a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.144 mg/dL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.44 mg/dL. Ppy and AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared sensors were successfully applied for the direct detection of creatinine.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Creatinine
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosensor
  topic: keywords
subject: Silver Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Picric Acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Polypyrrole
  topic: keywords
subject: creatinine, biosensor, silver nanoparticles, picric acid, polypyrrole
  topic: subjects
subject: academic study for bio detection of creatinine by synthesis nano composites films
  topic: disciplines
creator: ammar abdullah
creator: Ibraheem Ibraheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 470691c
ending page: 470691c
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/470691c

Comparative Study of Mass Transfer Limitation Steps in Bemacid Yellow and Methyl Red Biosorption: Investigation using Unique and Binary Resistance Models
type: item
description: In this study, brewery waste was employed as an adsorbent to remove two dyes: Bemacid Yellow (BY) and Methyl Red (MR). Optimal operational conditions were determined using the Bach mode. Kinetic data fitting was carried out using pseudo first and second order models. The results revealed that the pseudo second order model exhibited a better fit for both dyes, with a high determination coefficient (R2=0.99). The single resistance model demonstrated a positive correlation between the initial dye concentration (C0) and the external mass coefficient (kf) described by the empirical relationships: kfMR = 0.00044C0.650 and kf(by) = 0.0208C0.0330 for MR and BY dyes adsorption, respectively. According to the obtained results from the binary resistances diffusion model, it was determined that pore diffusion played a dominant role in the adsorption process of both dyes. This conclusion was supported by the observed increase in the film diffusion coefficient (Df) values. On the other hand, alternative formulas indicate that the adsorption processes of BY were primarily controlled by film diffusion. To summarize, the adsorption process of both dyes is influenced by two key steps: pore diffusion and film diffusion. This analysis provides insights into the significance of each parameter and their respective contributions to the overall adsorption mechanism.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bemacid Yellow, Methyl Red, Kinetic models, Mass transfer, Binary resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fouzia Ouazani
creator: Mokhtaria Reguig
creator: Khedidja Benouis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 88
ending page: 104
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.06.13

Transforming Transformer Oil Waste: A Hybrid Biological–Oxidative Strategy for PCB Decontamination
type: item
description: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are dangerous and long-lasting chemicals that bioaccumulate in the food chain. The use of PCBs in transformer oil as heat-resistant compounds is widespread and has received more attention in recent years. This work used a sequential degradation methodology that combined an advanced oxidation mechanism with anaerobic biological treatment, indicating that these methods improved degradation efficiency and resulted in 100% PCB removal from industrial effluent containing transformer oils. Three alternative combinations were used: upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) for 6 h followed by micro-bubble ozonation for 1 h, UASB for 6 h followed by the Fenton process for 1 h, and ozonation for 1 h followed by the Fenton process. Integrated approaches were shown to significantly reduce PCBs, with levels below detection in both the UASB and ozonation combinations, as well as the ozonation and Fenton combination. The Fenton method and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) reduced 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl to 0.3 and 2.4 µg/mL, respectively. The treatments significantly reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD). The UASB-ozonation combination reduced COD concentration from 785 mg/L to 364 mg/L, the UASB-Fenton combination reduced it to 407 mg/L, and the ozonation-Fenton combination achieved the greatest reduction, reaching 260 mg/L. The study demonstrated the degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl. The initial concentration of PCBs in wastewater was 24.4 µg/mL for 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl and 12.1 µg/mL for 2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl. However, after treatment, the value went below the detection limit due to an integrated treatment method. In the UASB-Fenton combination, the concentrations of 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl and 2,3,4-trichlorobiphenyl were reduced to 2.4 and 0.3 µg/mL, respectively.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Chemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Toxicology
  topic: keywords
subject: Wastewater Treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformer Oil
  topic: keywords
subject: PCBs
  topic: keywords
subject: Sequential Degradation
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental chemistry; Environmental Toxicology; Wastewater treatment;Transformer oil; PCBs; Sequential degradation
  topic: subjects
subject: Wastewater Treatment
  topic: disciplines
creator: Umara Abbasi
creator: Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhatti
creator: Tahir Hayat
creator: Imtiaz Ali Khan
creator: Qaisar Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 460688c
ending page: 460688c
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2026/460688c

Efficient Concurrent Analysis of Mesotrione, Atrazine, Benoxacor and S-Metolachlor in Herbicide Formulate: Developing and Validating a Reversed-Phased HPLC Method
type: item
description: An effective, simple and reliable simultaneous determination method for four active compounds, mesotrione, benoxacor, atrazine and S- metolachlor, in herbicide formulate was first-time developed and substantiated in current study using reversed-phased high performance liquid chromatography, following ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation with fine resolution was conducted on a 5 μm C-18 column (L x id, 15 cm x 4.6 mm) using acetonitrile:water 70:30 (v/v) at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and wavelength 260 nm (UV detector). The retention times for mesotrione, atrazine, benoxacor and S-metolachlor were obtained as 1.90, 3.50, 3.95, and 5.10 min, respectively. Limits of detection of mesotrione, atrazine, benoxacor and S-metolachlor were found to be 2.57, 2.27, 1.28, and 1.32 μg/mL, whereas limits of quantitation were 7.80, 6.86, 3.86, and 4.01 μg/mL, respectively. The regression coefficients from calibration curves were ˃ 0.998 for all studied pesticides. The method reproducibility was evaluated as intra-day precision (0.85–1.52%RSD) and inter-day precision (0.67–1.81 %RSD). The method accuracy was estimated through inter-laboratory comparison among three laboratories. The developed method is quite rapid, inexpensive, robust, precise, accurate, linear and sensitive for the purpose of quality control check of mesotrione, atrazine, benoxacor and S-metolachlor simultaneously in herbicide formulations.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crop protection agents, Liquid chromatography, Method optimization, Robustness, UV detector, System suitability
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Anum Hafeez
creator: Sajid Iqbal
creator: Iffat Abdul Tawab Khan
creator: Qurrat-ul-Ain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 105
ending page: 116
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.06.09

Municipal Solid Waste (Newspaper) — A Lignocellulosic Feedstock Conversion to Biofuel: A Prospective Solution to Energy and Waste Management Problem
type: item
description: Bioethanol, an alcohol-based fuel is produced from biowaste. The current research focuses on utilizing newspaper waste as a substrate for bioethanol production. The waste newspaper was pretreated and subjected to two important bioethanol production steps: (1) saccharification and (2) fermentation. Aspergillus niger utilized for the saccharification hydrolyzed the newspaper substrate by converting the complex compounds into simpler compounds, where lactose and chemically defined media enhanced the cellulolytic activity. The simpler sugars produced were fermented using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and converted to bioethanol. The bioethanol samples were subject to different analyses, including dichromate oxidation tests, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The dichromate oxidation test confirmed the presence of bioethanol as the color of the samples changed from yellowish orange to green. The UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated the maximum bioethanol yield of 3.814% v/v (variant sample 1-lactose) and 5.049% v/v (variant sample 2-chemically defined media) on the 6th day of fermentation. HPLC further confirmed the bioethanol production as the peaks of bioethanol at retention times of 2.130 min (variant sample 1-lactose) and 2.112 min (variant sample 2-chemically defined media) matched the peak of standard ethanol at the retention time of 1.935 min. The present research concludes that newspaper waste is the potential substrate for bioethanol production.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bioethanol, Newspaper, Waste management, Lignocellulose
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abiha Mehboob
creator: Shazia Iram
creator: Raveen Fatima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 141
ending page: 151
doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2025.06.12

Adsorption Studies of Cyanide (CN) - on Alumina
type: item
description: In this investigation, adsorption of cyanide on to alumina has been studied by means of batchtechnique. Percentage adsorption was determined for Alumina-Cyanide solution system as a function of (i) contact time, (ii) pH, (iii) adsorbate concentration and (iv) temperature. Adsorption data has been interpreted in terms of Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Thermodynamics parameters for the adsorption system have been determined at three different temperatures. The value of ΔHo=5.448kJ/mole and ΔGo=-7.162kJ/mole at 283K suggest that the adsorption of cyanide on Alumina is an endothermic and spontaneous process.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cyanide, Alumina, Adsorption Isotherms
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sumra Naeem
creator: Uzma Zafar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 83
ending page: 87
doi: 10.21743/

An Analytical Implication to Chlorides Determinationin Catalytic Hydrodechlorination Reaction of DDTby Ion Chromatography
type: item
description: Chemical degradation of Organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) in hydrodechlorination reactions were first systematically investigated using dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) as the model pesticide. The reaction of DDT produced an equimolar amount of HCl and DDE resulting from initial attack and was identified using GC-ECD. The produced DDE was dechlorinated by using Fe/Ni catalysts with a solution of NaOH in 2-propanol/methanol (99:1 v/v) at temperature below 82 oC. The developed method efficiently converted DDT in the range of 3.5 – 3500 mg/l to chlorine-free product within 240 minutes. Chloride ions concentrations were also identified as a product using Ion Chromatography.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chloride, Hydrodechlorination, DDT, Organochlorine pesticides
  topic: keywords
subject: GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Akhtar Shareef
creator: Sami uz Zaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 76
ending page: 82
doi: 10.21743/

Evaluation of the Iodine Concentration in Serumand Urine of Hypothyroid Males Using anInexpensive and Rapid Method
type: item
description: The aim of present study was to evaluate the iodine/iodide status in biological samples (serum and urine) of 172 male hypothyroid patients (HPs) and their supplemental effects on thyroid hormones. For comparison purpose, non-goitrous subjects (n= 220) of same age group and socioeconomic status were also studied. A simple and rapid iodide-ion selective electrode (ISE) was used to measure the concentration of iodine in microwave assisted acid digested serum and urine samples. Quality control for the methodology was established with certified samples and with those obtained by conventional wet acid digestion method on the same certified reference materials (CRMs) and real samples. A linear calibration curve was obtained for a reasonable concentration range of the potassium iodide solutions. The mean concentration of iodine in the serum and urine samples of the HPs was significantly reduced as compared to control male subjects (p< 0.01). The low levels of free triiodothyronine and thyroxin were found in HPs than age matched healthy control (p< 0.005 and 0.002) respectively while high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone were observed in HPs (p< 0.008). The proposed method was relatively efficient as well as cost effective by using inexpensive equipment. It was observed that iodine in biological samples of HPs can play an important role in determining the severity of the hypothyroidism.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iodine, male, hypothyroid, ion selective electrode, supplements
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ghulam Abbas Kandhro
creator: Tasneem Gul Kazi
creator: Sirajuddin
creator: Naveed Kazi
creator: Hassan Imran Afridi
creator: Mohammad Balal Arain
creator: Jameel Ahmed Baig
creator: Abdul Qadir Shah
creator: Nasreen Syed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 67
ending page: 75
doi: 10.21743/

Effects of Chicken Frying on Soybean, Sunflower and Canola Oils
type: item
description: Consequences of discontinuous chicken frying on some important parameters of soybean (SBO), sunflower (SFO) and canola oil (CLO) at constant temperature (190 0C) for 12h were examined. The quality parameters such as fatty acid composition (FAC) with special emphasis on trans fatty acids (TFA’s), free fatty acids (FFA’s), iodine value (IV) and peroxide value (PV) of soybean, sunflower and canola oils were evaluated by taking out the oil samples from the fryer at an interval of 2 h. The total trans fatty acids increased during frying of chicken in the range of (0.77- 1.67, 1.02- 2.62 and 1.29-3.14 %) in SFO, SBO and CLO. Other chemical parameters such as free fatty acids (0.03-0.78, 0.05-0.49 and 0.19- 1.47 %), peroxide value (1.51-3.04, 2.11-6.07 and 2.90- 8.02 meq/kg) increased where as iodine value (154.21-140.69, 134.50 and 116.10-99.70 g/100g) was decreased with respect to time of frying in SFO, SBO and CLO, respectively.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: chicken meat, frying, chemical parameters, fatty acid composition
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: M. Younis Talpur
creator: S. T. H. Sherazi
creator: S. A. Mahesar
creator: Aftab Ahmed Kandhro
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 59
ending page: 66
doi: 10.21743/

Simpler and Faster Spectrophotometric Determination of Diclofenac Sodium in Tablets, Serum and Urine Samples
type: item
description: This work describes a simple, sensitive, rapid and economical analytical procedure for direct spectrophotometric evaluation of diclofenac sodium (DS) using aqueous medium without using a chemical reagent. Parameters like time, temperature, acidic and basic conditions and interference by analgesic drugs were studied for a 5μg ml-1 solution of DS at 276 nm. Under optimized parameters, a linear working range of 0.1–30 g ml-1 with regression coefficient of 0.9998 and lower detection limit of 0.01 g ml-1 was obtained. The method was applied for DS contents in tablets, serum and urine samples.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diclofenac sodium; UV-Visible spectrophotometer; tablets; serum; urine
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abdul Rauf Khaskheli
creator: Sirajuddin
creator: Kamran Abro
creator: S. T. H. Sherazi
creator: H. I. Afridi
creator: S. A. Mahesar
creator: Munawar Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 53
ending page: 58
doi: 10.21743/

Determination of Toxic Metals in Different Brand of Chocolates and Candies, Marketed in Pakistan
type: item
description: In present study three toxic metals, cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) were determined in chocolates and candy samples available in local markets of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Concentrations of understudy toxic metals (TMs) were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. Validation of the methodology was performed by standard addition method and conventional acid digestion on electric hot plate to obtained TMs concentration, for comparative purpose to obtain results within the 95% confidence level. No significant differences were observed for TMs obtained from both methods (P = 0.05). The concentration of Cd, Ni and Pb were observed in chocolates and candy samples is ranged as of 0.099 - 0.353, 1.45 - 4.33 and 1.11 - 2.48 μg/g, respectively. The results indicated that cocoa-based chocolates have higher contents of TMs than milk- based chocolates and candies.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Toxic metals, Chocolates, Candies, Atomic absorption spectrometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: Nusrat Jalbani
creator: Tasneem Gul Kazi
creator: Hassan I. Afridi
creator: Mohammad Bilal Arain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 48
ending page: 52
doi: 10.21743/

Limnological Studies of Keenjhar Lake, District,Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan
type: item
description: Limnological studies of Keenjhar Lake were carried out during January 2003 to December 2005. The present study deals with physico - chemical parameters such as, temperature, pH, alkalinity, chlorides, conductivity, total dissolve solids, turbidity, dissolve oxygen, calcium and magnesium. The maximum and minimum range of physico - chemical properties were as, temperature 18 - 33 ⁰C from station 2 in January and August respectively, pH 7.3 - 8.9 in September and June respectively, alkalinity 160 - 240 mg L-1 in July and January respectively, minimum chlorides 30 mg L-1 in September and maximum 85 mg L-1 in December, conductivity 320 S cm-1 in September and 496 S cm-1 in December, total dissolve solids were 240 mg L-1 in September and 391 mg L-1 in October, turbidity was 30 NTU in December and 78 NTU in May, dissolve oxygen was 7.0 mg L-1 in January and 9.0 mg L-1 in July, calcium 50 mg L-1 in July and September and 78 mg L-1 in October, magnesium 21 mg L-1 in August and September, 35 mg L-1 June, and it is concluded that the variation in parameters were due to rain and flow of River Indus.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Physico - chemical properties, Keenjhar Lake, Thatta
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytical Chemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: K. H. Lashari
creator: A. L. Korai
creator: G. A. Sahato
creator: T. G. Kazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2009-12-01
publication date: 2009-12-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 47
doi: 10.21743/

Effect of Various Parameters on the Dispersionof Ultra Fine Iron Ore Slurry. Part-1
type: item
description: The effect of various dispersion parameters; such as slurry pH, solid concentration, stirring speed and time, and water quality has been extensively studied for stabilization the ultra fine iron ore slurry prior to selective flocculation. The PZC of Dilband iron ore system was found by using the Zetaphormeter III (CAD E400) at pH value of 4.25. The set of dispersion parameters was optimized on the basis of weight percent and the percent entrapment of fine particles (10μm) sedimented in 2.5min settling time. Finally the selectivity of the optimal dispersion parameters was evaluated on the basis of elemental analysis of the sediment. The optimal conditions for 38μm ultra fine iron ore slurry in double distilled water were found at concentration of 7.5%solid, pH10.5, stirring speed 2000rpm, and stirring time 5min.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dilband iron ore, dispersion, zeta potential, polyvalent cations
  topic: keywords
subject: engineering
  topic: subjects
subject: Natural Science
  topic: disciplines
creator: M. I. Abro
creator: A. G. Pathan
creator: Bohm Andreas
creator: A. H. Mallah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-14
publication date: 2025-05-14
starting page: 34
ending page: 38
doi: 10.21743/